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Tereus (play)
''Tereus'' (, ''Tēreus'') is a Greek play by the Athenian poet Sophocles. Although the play has been lost, several fragments have been recovered. Although the date that the play was first produced is not known, it is known that it was produced before 414 BCE, because the Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes referenced ''Tereus'' in his play ''The Birds'', which was first performed in 414.〔 Thomas B. L. Webster dates the play to near but before 431 BCE, based on circumstantial evidence from a comment Thucydides made in 431 about the need to distinguish between Tereus and the King of Thrace, Teres, which Webster believes was made necessary by the popularity of Sophocles play around this time causing confusion between the two names. Based on references in ''The Birds'' it is also known that another Greek playwright, Philocles, had also written a play on the subject of Tereus, and there is evidence both from ''The Birds'' and from a scholiast that Sophocles' play came first.〔
Some scholars believe that Sophocles' ''Tereus'' was influenced by Euripides' ''Medea'', and thus must have been produced after 431.〔〔 However, this is not certain and any influence may well have been in the opposite direction, with Sophocles' play influencing Euripides.〔〔 Jenny Marsh believes that Euripides' ''Medea'' did come before Sophocles' ''Tereus'', based primarily on a statement in Euripides' chorus "I have heard of only one woman, only one of all that have lived, who put her hand on her own children: Ino."〔 Marsh takes this to imply that as of the time of ''Medeas production, the myth of Tereus had not yet incorporated the infanticide, as it did in Sophocles' play.〔
==Plot==
A hypothesis of the play dating from the 2nd or 3rd century CE was translated by P.J. Parsons in 1974.〔 According to this hypothesis, Tereus, the king of Thrace, was married to Procne, daughter of the Athenian ruler.〔 Tereus and Procne had a son Itys.〔 Procne wanted to see her sister Philomela and asked Tereus to escort her sister to Thrace.〔 During the journey, Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her.〔 In order to prevent her from telling Procne what he had done, he cut out Philomela's tongue.〔 But Philomela wove a tapestry showing what had happened and sent it to Procne.〔〔 Procne became jealous and in revenge killed Itys and served him as a meal to Tereus.〔 The gods turned Procne and Philomela into a nightingale and a swallow to protect them from Tereus, while Tereus was turned into a hoopoe.〔〔
In 2007, Trinity College, Dublin professor David Fitzpatrick used the hypothesis and the extant fragments to attempt a reconstruction of the plot of ''Tereus''.〔 In this reconstruction, the play begins with an either a Thracian male servant or herald on behalf of the absent Tereus speaking. This is based on fragment 582, translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones as "O sun, light greatly honoured by horse-loving Thracians.〔〔 Procne and the chorus enter.〔 Fitzpatrick believes that the chorus is made of Thracian women sympathetic to Procne.〔 Tereus arrives with the mute Philomela, either lying about Philomela or, as Fitzpatrick believes is more likely, having disguised her as a male servant while claiming that Philomela is dead.〔 The recognition scene likely took place on stage, where Philomela's tapestry reveals the rape and mutilation, and possibly Philomela's identity.〔 Based on fragment 588, in which a character is told not to fear because if he speaks the truth he will "never come to grief," Fitzpatrick believes that a male character confirms what happened to Procne.〔〔 After a choral interlude, Procne plans her revenge.〔 After Tereus learns of the cannibalism he hunts the sisters. In the reconstruction, the revelation that the women and Tereus were turned into birds is related by a ''deus ex machina'', who Fitzpatrick believes was most likely Apollo.〔 Lloyd-Jones agrees that fragment 589 appears to be a statement from a ''deus ex machina''.〔 This fragment states that Tereus is mad, but the women acted even more madly by using violence to punish him.〔 The fragment concludes by stating that "any mortal who is infuriated by his wrongs and applies a medicine that is worse than the disease is a doctor who does not understand the trouble."〔
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